Treatment for eye cancer, also known as ocular cancer, depends on various factors, including the type, location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the individual's overall health and preferences. Here are common treatment options for eye cancer:
Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor is often the primary treatment for localized eye cancers, especially if the tumor is small and confined to the eye. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancerous tissue while preserving vision and function whenever possible. Surgical techniques may include:
Local Tumor Resection: Removal of the tumor while sparing surrounding healthy tissue.
Enucleation: Removal of the entire eye, including the tumor, for larger or more invasive tumors that cannot be treated with more conservative measures. In some cases, an artificial eye (prosthesis) may be implanted to restore appearance.
Exenteration: Removal of the entire eye along with adjacent structures (such as eyelids, muscles, and orbital tissues) for extensive or aggressive tumors that involve the orbit.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams of radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. It may be used as the primary treatment for small or localized tumors, as an adjuvant therapy following surgery to eliminate residual cancer cells, or as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms in advanced cases. Types of radiation therapy for eye cancer include:
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Radiation is delivered from outside the body using a machine directed at the tumor site.
Brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds or plaques are placed directly within or adjacent to the tumor to deliver localized radiation over a specified period.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth and may be used alone or in combination with other treatments for certain types of eye cancer, particularly those that are metastatic (spread beyond the eye) or unresectable (cannot be surgically removed). Chemotherapy for eye cancer may be administered systemically (intravenously or orally) or directly into the eye (intravitreal injection).
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Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy drugs are designed to specifically target and block the growth-promoting signals of cancer cells, while sparing normal cells. They may be used in the treatment of certain types of eye cancer, particularly those with specific genetic mutations or molecular targets.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs work by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. They may be used in the treatment of metastatic or refractory eye cancer, particularly melanoma of the eye (uveal melanoma).
Observation and Surveillance: In some cases, particularly for small, slow-growing tumors or when treatment risks outweigh potential benefits, a strategy of active surveillance with regular monitoring may be appropriate. This involves close observation of the tumor's growth and progression over time, with intervention initiated if necessary.
Supportive Care: Supportive care measures focus on managing symptoms, improving quality of life, and addressing the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of individuals with eye cancer. Supportive care may include pain management, nutritional support, counseling, and palliative care for advanced or terminal cases.
Treatment decisions for eye cancer are made collaboratively between the individual and a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including ophthalmologists, ocular oncologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and other specialists. The choice of treatment depends on the specific characteristics of the tumor, as well as the individual's overall health status, treatment goals, and preferences. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are essential for optimizing outcomes and preserving vision and quality of life.
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