Eye melanoma, also known as ocular melanoma, is a rare but serious form of cancer that develops in the cells of the eye's pigment-producing cells (melanocytes). Treatment options for eye melanoma depend on various factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it has spread, and the patient's overall health. Here are some common treatment approaches:
Observation (Watchful Waiting): Small, slow-growing melanomas that are not causing symptoms may be monitored closely without immediate treatment. Regular eye exams and imaging tests are performed to monitor the tumor's growth and detect any changes that may require intervention.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is a common treatment for eye melanoma and can be delivered externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy). Radiation aims to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Depending on the tumor's size and location, radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
Surgery: Surgical removal of the eye (enucleation) may be necessary in cases where the tumor is large or causing significant damage to the eye, and other treatments are not feasible. Enucleation involves removing the entire eyeball and may be followed by reconstructive surgery to improve the eye's appearance and function with a prosthetic eye (ocular prosthesis).
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Local Treatments: Other local treatments for eye melanoma include transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), which uses heat to destroy cancer cells, and photocoagulation, which uses laser therapy to seal off blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients.
Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy drugs, such as inhibitors of specific molecular pathways involved in melanoma growth (e.g., inhibitors of the MAPK pathway), may be used in cases where the tumor has spread beyond the eye (metastatic ocular melanoma). These medications are typically administered orally and work by targeting specific genetic mutations or signaling pathways that drive cancer growth.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab, ipilimumab), stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunotherapy may be used in combination with other treatments or as part of clinical trials for metastatic ocular melanoma.
Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials may offer access to experimental treatments and therapies being investigated for eye melanoma, including novel targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and combination approaches.
Treatment decisions for eye melanoma are made on an individual basis, taking into account the specific characteristics of the tumor, the patient's overall health and preferences, and the expertise of a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers, including ophthalmologists, oncologists, and radiation oncologists. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for improving outcomes and preserving vision and quality of life for individuals with eye melanoma.
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