Diabetic retinopathy is a serious eye condition that affects people with diabetes. It occurs when high levels of blood sugar damage the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults.
Types of Diabetic Retinopathy:
Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR): In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, the blood vessels in the retina weaken and may leak fluid or blood into the retina. This can lead to swelling (macular edema), causing blurry vision. In NPDR, the damaged blood vessels may also become blocked, leading to areas of the retina being deprived of oxygen (ischemia).
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR): In advanced stages, new, abnormal blood vessels may grow on the surface of the retina or optic nerve in response to areas of ischemia. These new blood vessels are fragile and prone to bleeding, which can lead to severe vision loss and even retinal detachment if left untreated.
Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy:
Blurred or distorted vision
Floaters (spots or strings floating in the field of vision)
Fluctuating vision
Impaired color vision
Dark or empty areas in the vision (scotomas)
Diagnosis:
Diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include the following tests:
Visual Acuity Test: To measure how well you see at various distances.
Dilated Eye Exam: The eye doctor uses eye drops to dilate the pupils, allowing a detailed examination of the retina and optic nerve.
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Fluorescein Angiography: A special dye is injected into a vein in your arm, and images are taken as the dye circulates through the blood vessels in the retina. This helps identify areas of leaking or abnormal blood vessels.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): This imaging test provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, helping to detect swelling or thickening.
Treatment:
Control of Blood Sugar, Blood Pressure, and Cholesterol: Tight control of these factors through lifestyle modifications and medication management is crucial in preventing and slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Intravitreal Injections: For diabetic macular edema or proliferative diabetic retinopathy, injections of anti-VEGF medications or steroids into the eye may be recommended to reduce swelling and leakage.
Laser Treatment: Laser therapy (photocoagulation) may be used to seal leaking blood vessels, reduce swelling, or shrink abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
Vitrectomy: In advanced cases of diabetic retinopathy with significant bleeding or retinal detachment, a surgical procedure called vitrectomy may be necessary to remove blood and scar tissue from the eye and repair the retina.
Early detection and treatment are critical in preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Individuals with diabetes should undergo regular comprehensive eye examinations, at least once a year, to monitor for signs of diabetic retinopathy and other diabetic eye complications. Effective management of diabetes and adherence to recommended treatments can help preserve vision and reduce the risk of blindness from diabetic retinopathy.
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