Eye melanoma, also known as ocular melanoma, is a rare but serious form of cancer that develops in the melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the eye. Here's a breakdown to help understand it better:
Location: Eye melanoma can develop in various parts of the eye, but it most commonly occurs in the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye. Melanomas in the eye can arise in the iris (the colored part of the eye), the ciliary body (which produces the fluid inside the eye), or the choroid (a layer of blood vessels that supplies nutrients to the retina).
Risk Factors: While the exact cause of eye melanoma is not well understood, several factors may increase the risk, including:
Light eye color (blue or green)
Age (more common in adults, particularly those over 50)
Prolonged sun exposure
Certain inherited genetic mutations (e.g., mutations in the BAP1 gene)
Ocular melanocytosis (an eye condition characterized by an increased number of melanocytes)
Symptoms: Eye melanoma may not cause symptoms in its early stages. As the tumor grows, it can lead to various signs and symptoms, including:
Blurred vision or vision changes
Floaters (spots or specks that drift across the field of vision)
Flashes of light
Dark spots on the iris or changes in eye color
Sensation of seeing flashes or "lightning" in the affected eye
Distortion or loss of peripheral vision
A visible mass or lump on the surface of the eye (less common)
Diagnosis: Eye melanoma is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include:
Visual acuity test
Slit-lamp examination
Funduscopy (examination of the back of the eye)
Ultrasound imaging (A-scan and B-scan)
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Fluorescein angiography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Biopsy (rarely performed due to the risk of spreading cancer cells)
Treatment: Treatment options for eye melanoma depend on various factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it has spread, and the patient's overall health. Treatment may involve:
Radiation therapy (external beam or brachytherapy)
Surgical removal of the tumor (partial or complete eye removal)
Laser therapy (transpupillary thermotherapy or photocoagulation)
Targeted therapy or immunotherapy for metastatic ocular melanoma
Prognosis: The prognosis for eye melanoma varies depending on the tumor's size, location, and stage at the time of diagnosis. While small, early-stage tumors may have a good prognosis with appropriate treatment, larger or advanced-stage tumors may carry a higher risk of metastasis (spreading to other parts of the body) and poorer outcomes.
Given the potential seriousness of eye melanoma, early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preserving vision and quality of life. Regular eye examinations and awareness of potential symptoms are essential for early diagnosis and timely intervention.
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