Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition characterized by thinning and bulging of the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye. This abnormal corneal shape can result in distorted vision, nearsightedness, astigmatism, and increased sensitivity to light. Understanding the key aspects of keratoconus can help individuals affected by this condition and their healthcare providers manage it effectively. Here are some important points:
1. Causes and Risk Factors:
Corneal Thinning: The exact cause of keratoconus is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Genetic Factors: Keratoconus often runs in families, suggesting a genetic component to the condition.
Environmental Factors: Factors such as eye rubbing, chronic eye irritation, allergies, and certain systemic conditions may contribute to the development or progression of keratoconus.
2. Signs and Symptoms:
Blurred or Distorted Vision: Progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea can cause irregular astigmatism and distortion of vision, making it difficult to see clearly, especially at night.
Frequent Changes in Eyeglass Prescription: Individuals with keratoconus often experience frequent changes in their eyeglass prescription as the condition progresses.
Increased Sensitivity to Light (Photophobia): Many people with keratoconus are sensitive to bright lights and glare, which can worsen visual discomfort.
3. Diagnosis:
Corneal Topography: A corneal topography is a non-invasive imaging test used to map the curvature and shape of the cornea. It is the primary tool for diagnosing keratoconus and monitoring its progression.
Slit-Lamp Examination: A slit-lamp examination allows an eye care professional to examine the cornea and detect signs of thinning, scarring, or other abnormalities associated with keratoconus.
4. Treatment:
Glasses or Contact Lenses: In the early stages of keratoconus, eyeglasses or soft contact lenses may be used to correct vision and improve visual acuity.
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Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Contact Lenses: RGP lenses provide a smooth, regular surface over the irregular cornea, improving vision by creating a new refractive surface.
Scleral Contact Lenses: Scleral lenses, which vault over the cornea and rest on the sclera (white part of the eye), can provide better comfort and visual acuity for individuals with advanced keratoconus or irregular corneas.
Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL): CXL is a minimally invasive procedure that uses ultraviolet light and riboflavin (vitamin B2) eye drops to strengthen the cornea and slow the progression of keratoconus.
Corneal Transplant Surgery: In severe cases of keratoconus that do not respond to other treatments, a corneal transplant may be necessary to replace the damaged cornea with a healthy donor cornea.
5. Management and Follow-up:
Regular Eye Exams: Individuals with keratoconus require regular eye exams to monitor the progression of the condition, assess visual changes, and adjust treatment as needed.
Avoid Eye Rubbing: Rubbing the eyes can exacerbate corneal thinning and worsen the progression of keratoconus. It's essential to avoid eye rubbing and manage conditions such as allergies that may contribute to eye irritation.
Early detection and timely intervention are crucial for managing keratoconus and preserving vision. Individuals with keratoconus should work closely with their eye care professionals to develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to their specific needs and visual requirements.
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