Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the eyes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Here's a breakdown of diabetic retinopathy:
Causes:
High Blood Sugar: Elevated levels of glucose in the blood over time can damage the tiny blood vessels in the retina.
Long-term Diabetes: The longer someone has diabetes and the less controlled their blood sugar levels are, the greater the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.
Other Factors: High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, pregnancy, and tobacco use can exacerbate the risk of diabetic retinopathy.
Types:
Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR): In the early stages, small blood vessels in the retina leak fluid or blood, leading to swelling and the formation of deposits called exudates. This can cause blurred or distorted vision.
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR): In advanced stages, new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina or into the vitreous gel inside the eye. These new vessels are fragile and prone to bleeding, leading to vision loss or blindness.
Symptoms:
Blurred or Distorted Vision: Early stages of diabetic retinopathy may cause vision changes that come and go, such as blurred or fluctuating vision.
Floaters: Dark spots or strings that drift across your field of vision.
Impaired Color Vision: Difficulty perceiving colors or distinguishing between shades.
Vision Loss: Gradual or sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes.
Diagnosis:
Dilated Eye Exam: An eye care professional will use eye drops to dilate the pupils and examine the retina for signs of diabetic retinopathy, including changes to blood vessels, bleeding, swelling, or retinal detachment.
Fluorescein Angiography: A special dye is injected into the arm, and photographs are taken as the dye circulates through the blood vessels in the retina. This helps identify areas of leakage or abnormal blood flow.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): This imaging test provides cross-sectional images of the retina, allowing for detailed examination of its layers and identifying any abnormalities.
Treatment:
Early Detection and Management of Diabetes: Controlling blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol can slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Laser Therapy (Photocoagulation): Laser treatment can help seal leaking blood vessels or destroy abnormal blood vessels to prevent further vision loss.
Intravitreal Injections: Medications injected into the vitreous gel can help reduce swelling or inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels.
Vitrectomy: In advanced cases with significant bleeding into the vitreous gel, a surgical procedure called vitrectomy may be necessary to remove the blood and scar tissue and restore vision.
Prevention:
Regular Eye Exams: People with diabetes should undergo comprehensive dilated eye exams at least once a year to detect diabetic retinopathy in its early stages.
Control Diabetes: Maintain healthy blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol through diet, exercise, and medication as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
Healthy Lifestyle: Avoid smoking, maintain a healthy weight, and follow a balanced diet to reduce the risk of diabetic retinopathy.
Understanding diabetic retinopathy is crucial for people with diabetes to recognize its symptoms, undergo regular eye screenings, and take proactive steps to manage their condition and preserve their vision. Early detection and timely treatment can help prevent vision loss and complications associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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